Duration of Abu Bakr’s caliphate
The period of the caliphate of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq - may God be pleased with him - lasted two years, three months and a few days, and it is worth noting that he pledged allegiance to the caliphate on the day the Messenger - peace and blessings be upon him - died, as the Ansar demanded the caliphate before his burial - peace be upon him - and the pledge of allegiance was fulfilled to Abu Bakr. Rapidly. Abu Bakr’s assumption of the caliphate: Saad bin Abi Ubadah wanted the caliphate before Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, as he was one of the masters of the Khazraj, and he was suffering from a fever at the time, so people gathered with him in order for him to address them in a place called Saqifat Bani Sa’idah. Video you might like: Saad bin Abi Ubadah addressed them and it became clear that his illness would prevent him from carrying out his mandate in the correct manner and reaching all people, which is why the Ansar objected to what he presented in the sermon. So Omar bin Al-Khattab - may God be pleased with him - sent to Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq - may God be pleased with him - to present his sermon, and he pledged allegiance before the burial of the Messenger - may God bless him and grant him peace.
Among the evidence provided for Abu Bakr assuming the caliphate after the death of the Holy Prophet: Aisha’s statement - may God be pleased with her -: (Who would the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him - have succeeded, had he appointed him as his successor? She said: Abu Bakr, and it was said to her: Then who? After Abu Bakr, she said: Omar, then What was it said to her? After Omar, she said : Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah and then it ended with this), and it should be noted that Caliph Abu Bakr was the first of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. The succession of Abu Bakr. The achievements undertaken by Abu Bakr al-Siddiq - may God be pleased with him - will be described below during his succession:
Enforcing the army of Osama bin Zaid. The Messenger - peace and blessings be upon him - prepared an army to fight the Romans under the leadership of Osama bin Zaid, but they were not able to Departure due to his death - peace and blessings be upon him -, so Abu Bakr sent the army to fight; To restore the strength and prestige of Muslims, and prevent the spread of apostasy. Fighting apostates: Abu Bakr fought those who apostatized from Islam after the death of the Messenger - peace and blessings be upon him -, when Christianity, Judaism, and others spread at that time. An example of this is: his fight against Musaylimah the liar in the Battle of Al-Yamamah.
Conquests: Abu Bakr prepared his army and they conquered many cities, including Jordan, Palestine, Damascus, Homs, and Iraq. They began doing so after the end of the Battle of Al-Yamamah, so Khalid bin Al-Walid headed to Iraq first. The death of Abu Bakr Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq felt his death approaching when his illness became severe, so he chose Omar bin Al-Khattab to be caliph after his death. So that the nation would not differ after him, he consulted the senior companions - may God be pleased with them - and they agreed with his opinion without any of them disagreeing. Indeed, he pledged allegiance and died a few days later, and his caliphate ended with his death - may God be pleased with him - and that was at the age of 63 years, so Omar - may God be pleased with him - prayed over him and was buried at night.
Administration of state affairs
Abu Bakr began managing the affairs of the state after he pledged allegiance to the Caliphate, and he took helpers from the Companions to help him in this. He assigned to Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah the affairs of the Treasury, and Omar bin Al-Khattab took over the judiciary, and Abu Bakr also handled the judiciary himself, and Zaid bin Thabit took over the writing (mail), Sometimes one of the companions present, such as Ali ibn Abi Talib or Uthman ibn Affan, would sometimes write to him.
States
Abu Bakr used governors in different countries, and he looked at the Prophet Muhammad’s good selection of princes and governors over the countries and imitated him in this work. For this reason, he approved all of the workers of the Messenger who died while they were in charge of their guardianship, and he did not remove any of them except to appoint him in another, more important place. His first position and he is satisfied with it, as happened to Amr ibn Al-Aas. The responsibilities of the governors during the era of Abu Bakr were primarily an extension of their powers during the era of the Prophet Muhammad. As for their most important responsibilities during the era of Abu Bakr, they were: establishing prayer and leading people, jihad, managing the affairs of conquered countries, appointing judges and workers over them, taking allegiance to the caliph, and some financial matters such as zakat. And they paid tribute, established borders, and secured the country. They had a role in teaching people the matters of their religion, and in spreading Islam in the countries over which they ruled. Many of these governors used to sit in the mosques teaching people the Qur’an and the rulings.
During the reign of Abu Bakr, the Islamic State was divided into several states, and these are the names of the states and governors:
Medina: The capital of the Islamic State, and home to Caliph Abu Bakr.
Mecca: Its prince was Attab bin Asid Al-Umayyad Al-Qurashi, who was appointed by the Messenger Muhammad and continued the rule of Abu Bakr.
Al-Taif: Its prince was Othman bin Abi Al-Aas Al-Thaqafi, and the Prophet Muhammad appointed him as governor, and Abu Bakr approved him over it.
Sana'a: Its prince, Al-Muhajir bin Abi Umayyah Al-Makhzoumi Al-Qurashi, was the one who conquered it and became its ruler after the end of the apostasy order.
Hadhramaut: Its prince is Ziyad bin Labid Al-Khazraji.
Zabid and Raqa: Its prince is Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari.
Khawlan: Its prince is Ya’la bin Abi Umayyah.
Al-Jund: Its commander is Muadh bin Jabal Al-Khazraji.
Najran: Its prince is Jarir bin Abdullah Al-Bajli.
Jerash: Its prince is Abdullah bin Thawr Al-Ghouthi.
Bahrain: and its Emir, Al-Alaa bin Al-Hadrami.
Iraq and the Levant: The commanders of the soldiers were the rulers there.
Sultanate of Oman: Its Emir is Hudhayfah bin Muhsin Al-Qalaani.
Al-Yamama: Its prince is Salit bin Qais Al-Khazraji.
Judiciary
The era of Abu Bakr is considered the beginning of the Rashidun era, which is close to the Prophet’s era. The Rashidun era in general, and the judicial aspect in particular, was an extension of the judiciary in the Prophet’s era, while fully and completely preserving all that was proven in the Prophet’s era, applying it in its entirety, and implementing it in its text and meaning. Abu Bakr used to judge himself if a judge was presented to him, and the jurisdiction of the judiciary was not separated from the general jurisdiction during his reign, and the judiciary did not have a special, independent jurisdiction, as was the case during the era of the Prophet Muhammad. In Medina, Abu Bakr entrusted Omar Ibn Al-Khattab with the judiciary so that he could seek his help in some matters. judiciary, but this did not give Omar independence in the judiciary. Abu Bakr approved most of the judges and governors appointed by the Prophet Muhammad, and they continued to practice the judiciary and guardianship, or one of them, during his reign.
Judicial rulings during the era of Abu Bakr became a haven for researchers and the focus of attention of jurists, and the judicial rulings of that period became a source of legal rulings, judicial jurisprudence, and jurisprudential opinions in various eras. The period of Abu Bakr’s caliphate contributed to the emergence of new sources of judiciary in the Rashidun era. The sources of judicial rulings became: the Holy Qur’an, the Sunnah of the Prophet, consensus, analogy, judicial precedents or tradition, and jurisprudential opinion with Shura.
Expansion and collection of the Qur’an
The situation of the Islamic State stabilized after fighting the people of apostasy and defeating them. Al-Siddiq - may God be pleased with him - sent armies to expand northward, and Khalid bin Al-Walid - may God be pleased with him - was able to achieve great victories in the Levant in the battles of Yarmouk and Ajnadayn.
After many of the Companions were martyred in the fight against Musaylimah in Al-Yamamah, Omar feared that the Qur’an would be destroyed by the martyrdom of the reciters, and he advised Abu Bakr - may God be pleased with him - to collect it. Al-Siddiq, may God be pleased with him, said, “How can I do something that the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, did not do?”
So Omar reviewed this matter with him until he agreed, and he ordered Zaid bin Thabit - may God be pleased with him - to trace the Qur’an and compile it, and Zaid - may God be pleased with him - was the scribe of the revelation of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace.
His illness and death
Aisha bint Al-Siddiq - may God be pleased with them both - said, “The beginning of Abu Bakr’s illness was that he took a bath on Monday, the seventh of Jumada al-Akhira, and it was a cold day, so he had a fever for 15 days and did not go out to pray.”
While in his sick bed, Abu Bakr recommended the caliphate to Omar bin Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with them both. He died during the illness mentioned by Aisha - may God be pleased with her - in August 634 AD, and was buried next to the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him.
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