Part two
Ali's succession
When Uthman was killed, Ali bin Abi Talib pledged allegiance to the caliphate in Medina on the next day of the incident "Friday, Dhu al-Hijjah 25, 35 AH". Everyone who was in Medina, including the Companions, followers, and revolutionaries, pledged allegiance to him. It is narrated that he hated the caliphate at first and suggested that he become a minister or advisor, but some of the companions tried to persuade him, in addition to the support of the revolutionaries for him. Ibn Khaldun and al-Tabari narrate that he agreed to assume the caliphate for fear of a discord among Muslims. It is said that the first to pledge allegiance were Talha and al-Zubayr, and in the history of al-Tabari the first to pledge allegiance to Malik al-Ashtar al-Nakha’i. Some sources say that the relatives of Uthman and the Umayyads did not pledge allegiance to Ali, and headed to the Levant. They also say that some companions such as Saad bin Abi Waqqas, Abdullah bin Omar, and others did not pledge allegiance to Ali. Loyalty, but they pledged not to turn against him. Concerning his prayer for Othman, historians also differ. Some historical sources mention that a group of companions asked Ali for permission to bury him, but some historians mentioned him among those who participated in his funeral, praying over him, and his burial ceremony, but others did not mention him among them. Some narratives do not even mention Ali seeking permission to bury him.
Thus, Ali assumed power as a successor to Uthman, at a time when the Islamic State was extending from the Iranian highlands in the east to Egypt in the west, in addition to the entire Arabian Peninsula and some unstable areas on the outskirts. From the first moment of his caliphate, Ali announced that he would implement the principles of Islam and establish justice and equality among everyone without preference or discrimination. He also declared that he would recover all the money that Othman had deducted for his relatives and those close to him from the treasury. In the year 36 AH, Ali ordered the dismissal of the governors appointed by Uthman and the appointment of other governors whom he trusted, contrary to the advice of some companions such as Ibn Abbas and Al-Mughirah bin Shu’bah, who advised him to be careful in making decisions. Ali sent Uthman bin Hanif Al-Ansari instead of Abdullah bin Aamir to Basra, according to Al-Tabari and Ibn Al-Atheer, and at the beginning and the end he sent Samurah bin Jundub, and to Kufa he sent Amara bin Shihab instead of Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari, and to Yemen Ubayd Allah bin Abbas instead of Ya'la bin Munabbih, and in Egypt, Qais bin Saad bin Ubadah in place of Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Al-Sarh, and in the Levant, Sahl bin Hanif, in place of Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan.
Battle of Nahrawan
Finally, Ali fought the Kharijites and defeated them in the Battle of Nahrawan "39 AH or 659 AD", where they withdrew from his army and then blocked the roads and asked people about their opinions about the four caliphs, killing those who disagreed with their opinion in a hideous manner.
wisdom
Although Ali did not carry out any conquests throughout his reign, it was characterized by many civil and cultural achievements, including organizing the police and establishing specialized centers for public service, such as the House of Grievances, the Shrine of the Lost, and the construction of prisons. He administered his rule from the home of the Emirate, and Kufa also flourished during his reign and schools of jurisprudence were built there. Grammar: Ali bin Abi Talib ordered Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du’ali to form the letters of the Qur’an for the first time, and some researchers believe that he was the first to mint pure Islamic dirhams, contradicting other historical sources that say that Abd al-Malik bin Marwan was the first to mint pure Islamic dirhams.
During his reign, Abdullah bin Saba and his followers, known as Sabaism, were also active and some believe that they were the origin of the Shiite movement. Others say that they were the first to say that the Shiite imams were deified, and others doubted the existence of Sabaism at all. It is said that Ali bin Abi Talib gathered them together, ordered the digging of furrows, set them on fire, and executed them by burning, and only a few of them remained.
Many research writers consider that Ali was not a successful politician or did not have the appropriate political flexibility. Wilfred Madelung said that he was strongly committed to the teachings of his religion and was not willing to give up his principles for the sake of political benefit.
Assassinate him
Ali was leading the Muslims in the dawn prayer in the Kufa Mosque, and during the prayer, Abd al-Rahman bin Muljam hit him on the head with a poisoned sword, and Ali said his famous sentence: “I have won by the Lord of the Kaaba.” Some accounts say that Ali bin Abi Talib was on the way to the mosque when Ibn Muljam beat him; Then he carried him on his shoulders to his house and said: “See who struck me, feed him with my food and give him a drink of my drink. Life for life. If I die, then kill him as he killed me, and if I remain, I will see my opinion about him.” He forbade handcuffing him and torturing him. Doctors were brought to him, but they were unable to treat him. When Ali learned that he was dead, he wrote his will, as stated in the Taliban fighter. The poison continued to spread through his body until he died three days later, specifically on the night of the 21st of Ramadan in the year 40 AH, at the age of 64 according to some statements. After his death, Abdullah bin Jaafar, Al-Hassan and Al-Hussein took over the washing, preparing and burying his body, then they took revenge on Ibn Muljim by killing him. Shiites and the title of Ali bin Abi Talib then Bshahyd mihrab.
Abd al-Rahman bin Muljam, one of the Kharijites, had soaked his sword in poison for this mission. It is narrated that Ibn Muljam had agreed with two Kharijites to kill Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan, Amr bin Al-Aas, and Ali bin Abi Talib on the 17th of Ramadan. Bin Muljam succeeded in killing Ali and the other two failed.
Many books of the Prophet’s hadith and history books mention that Muhammad had predicted the death of Ali, and there were many narrations about that, including: “O Ali, I cry when you make it permissible for you in this month. It is as if I were with you while you wanted to pray, and the most wretched of the first and last, the brother of a barren she-camel, has emerged, beating you.” A blow to your head and your beard will be dyed with it.”
According to Sheikh Al-Mufid, Ali bin Abi Talib asked his son Al-Hassan to bury him secretly and for no one to know where he was buried, so that his grave would not be desecrated by his enemies. Ali's burial place remained unknown until its location was revealed later by Jaafar al-Sadiq during the Abbasid Caliphate. According to the narration most accepted by the Shiites, Ali bin Abi Talib was buried in Najaf, where Mashhad was built and the Ali Mosque that exists until now. Some Muslims, especially in Afghanistan, believe that the body of Ali bin Abi Talib is buried in the Blue Mosque in the Afghan city of Mazar-i-Sharif. They are based on accounts that say that Abu Muslim Al-Khorasani secretly transported Ali’s body with the help of some of his knights to Hamran Hill in the village of Balkh in northern Afghanistan, until Sultan Hussein Bayqara came and built the current shrine in that place in the year 1480 AD, according to Afghan accounts. On the other hand, some Sunni scholars said that it was invalid to attribute the grave in Najaf to Ali bin Abi Talib, and they said that his body was carried on his camel and released into the desert, so no one knows exactly where his grave is. Others said that he was buried in the headquarters of the emirate in Kufa, and it was said in the wall of the Kufa Mosque. Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi narrated on the authority of Abu Naim Al-Fadl bin Dakin that Al-Hassan and Al-Hussein transformed him and took him to Medina and buried him in Al-Baqi’ at the grave of his wife Fatima, their mother.
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